White man whipping a black woman tied to a pole - NYPL Digital Collections

One of hundreds of thousands of free digital items from The New York Public Library.

Enslaved African American Women - by Carolyn Edwards, PhD

White man whipping a black woman tied to a pole - NYPL Digital Collections

Whipping A Negro Girl In North Carolina By Unconstructed Johnsonians - NYPL Digital Collections

As to those more advanced in life” (Chapter 1) - Old Age and American Slavery

As to those more advanced in life” (Chapter 1) - Old Age and American Slavery

Punishment corporal Black and White Stock Photos & Images - Alamy

File:A white man whipping a black man that has been tied up and l Wellcome V0041703.jpg - Wikimedia Commons

White slave Black and White Stock Photos & Images - Alamy

Social Welfare History Project Caring for Paupers (1881)