Chronic venous outflow obstruction is a significant cause of chronic venous disease and therefore chronic morbidity. When conservative measures fail, intervention through deep venous reconstructive techniques should be considered. Referral should be considered in all patients with features of chronic venous disease that are life-affecting. Imaging relies primarily on duplex ultrasonography, supplemented by computed tomographic and magnetic resonance venography, and intraoperatively by intravascular ultrasonography. Intervention is primary endovenous, using angioplasty and stenting. Open surgical procedures are used in very select patients.
Venous insufficiency
Venous Thromboembolism after Total Hip and Knee Replacement in
Malignant bowel obstruction: Individualized treatment near the end
Matthew HARRIS, Vascular Registrar
Chronic Venous Disease: Varicose Veins and Venous Insufficiency - - Life Extension
JCM, Free Full-Text
Testing the potential risk of developing chronic venous disease: Phleboscore ® - Servier - PhlebolymphologyServier – Phlebolymphology
Surgical Venous Reconstruction, Treatment & Management
Matthew HARRIS, Vascular Registrar
Incidence of and risk factors for iliocaval venous obstruction in patients with active or healed venous leg ulcers - ScienceDirect
Pelvic venous congestion syndrome: female venous congestive syndromes and endovascular treatment options, CVIR Endovascular
Chronic Venous Insuffeciency
Stent retriever for Tandem Acute Revascularization Technique
Hepatic Imaging in Neonates and Young Infants: State of the Art
